Author: john mcgowan

Alexis de Tocqueville

I am reading Hugh Brogan’s wonderful biography of Alexis Tocqueville.

Here’s two pieces of classic Tocqueville.

The first pertains to the shift from aristocratic glory to the bourgeois pursuit of material prosperity.

But if it seems useful to you to direct the intellectual and moral activity of men towards the material necessities of life, and to use them to produce well-being; if reason strikes you as more profitable to men than genius; if your object is not to generate heroic virtues but peaceful habits; if you prefer to witness vices rather than crimes, and fewer great deeds in return for fewer outrages; of, rather than moving in a brilliant society, you are content to live in a prosperous one; if, finally, the chief object of government is not, in your opinion, to raise a whole nation to its greatest strength and glory, but to procure for each of the individuals who make it up the greatest possible well-being and the least distress; then equalize status and build a democratic government. (263 in Brogan)

The second states his ideals.

I dream of a society where all, regarding the law as their own handiwork, love it and submit to it without difficulty; where, the authority of government being respected as necessary rather than divine, love is felt for the head of state not as a passion but as a calm and rational sentiment  Each citizen having his rights, and being sure of keeping them, a manly, mutual confidence would be established between the classes, and a sort of reciprocal condescension, as far from pride as from humiliation.  Educated in their real interests, the people would understand that to profit by the blessings of society it is necessary to pay for them.  Free associations among the citizens would replace the power of individual nobles, and the State would be sheltered alike from tyranny and license . . . . Changes in the body of society would be regulated and gradual; should there be less distinction than under an aristocracy, there would also be less poverty; enjoyments would be less spectacular, well-being more general; learning and science would diminish, but ignorance be rarer; passions would be less violent and manners gentler; there would be more vice and less crime. (276 in Brogan)

What went wrong?  Tocqueville seems to have underestimated the competitive nature of focusing one’s efforts on economic gain: both the economic need to beggar one’s neighbor and the psychic impulse to only savor one’s good fortune in relation to the other’s ill fortune.  Or, to be more direct, the Christian need to identify and punish the reprobate.  It is the glee with which punishment is meted out—augmented in America by racial animus—that is most depressing as we watch the spectacle of the Republicans taking health care away from millions.

Easing Back In

I’ve had an odd aversion to blogging these past few months.  A malaise that I cannot name—and can only partly blame on my back/sciatica problems.  More a deep fatigue with the predictable channels in which my own thoughts run; nary a new thought to ponder or pursue.  And also a deep disgust with the nation’s obsession with Trump.  All eyes turned toward that clown, reporting his every twitch, and neglecting all other events, possibilities, and interests.  Like every child who is acting out, he needs to be sent to his room, placed in isolation and ignored for however long it takes for us to regain our own life since I have no delusion that anything at this point can change his behavior.  It’s our sanity that is at stake here, not his.

In any case, there have been some feeble stirrings of life in me lately.  I went up to New York for the annual meeting of my political theory reading group.  What a delight to spend a day talking with ten very thoughtful and intelligent people.  Our common reading this year was Melville’s The Confidence Man, a dizzying text that pulls every rug from under the reader’s feet, providing nowhere to stand.

I may write more about the meeting later.  But for now, two takeaways:

George Shulman noted that, if all appeals to transcendent and/or foundational grounds are taken away, then only comparative analysis is left.  To which someone (I am sorry I can’t remember who) in the group added: “there is also the solidity of objects.”

I am still trying to decide if this is right.  I think I understand the question: what can thought do, what resources does it have at its disposal, if it cannot locate/posit/affirm some indisputable ground or some transcendent standard for judgment?  The two contenders seem to be Johnson’s “thus I refute Berkeley” (i.e. the solidity of objects) and a rough-and-ready ability to judge one of two states of affairs as preferable to the other (a favorite move of Rorty’s).  The comparative mood can articulate the criteria along which it makes the comparative judgment; what it cannot do is claim those criteria must and will hold for all judgers.  It can only “woo the consent”(to use Arendt’s translation of Kant on judgment) of those to whom its comparative judgment is addressed.

On the solidity of objects, we might go to Arendt on truth.  There are facts beyond which we cannot get.  We can argue about the causes of World War I forever, but if you say Belgium invaded Germany in 1914, we have no conversation at all.  Facts are stubborn, even compelling in the strongest sense of the word “compelling.”

But is that it?  I need to think more about whether that’s all.

Point number two was Jason Frank’s insistence that populism requires an enemy.  Put that into dialogue with this comment from The Guardian about the British election.

“As someone pithier than me once said, you don’t win a culture war with facts. Heroes wanted. Conflict wanted. Goals wanted. Dreams wanted. Tell me a story I want to be part of.”

I like the story bit (of course)—and have been focused for some time on how we can tell an inclusive story.  That’s why I resist the enemies notion, the idea that a “conflict is wanted.”  Which may mean also wanting to find an alternative to a “culture war”—or any other kind of war.  I don’t mean not having a choice.  What I want is a choice between a conflictual tale and a non-violent, embracing story.

Classic weak-kneed liberal, in one way.  Denial of fundamental divergence of interests and of the fact that the powerful and wealthy will not surrender their power and wealth without the fight that forces them to do so.  But the idea is to have that fight at the ballot box and for the powerful and wealthy to accept their defeat as legitimate when it is enacted through democratic means.  Don’t be naïve, the radical responds.  There is no democratic process; the game is rigged in favors of the haves.  And, in addition, there is no political passion, no motive strong enough to move people to action, without antagonism, without a “them” to fight against.

Let be fully naïve then.  That position (with its Schmittian insistence on the necessity of “an enemy”) seems to me akin to saying the strongest political passion is hate—and only a politics that mobilizes hate will succeed.  Whereas I am in search of a politics of love.

Pain

I spent the whole month of February hobbled by sciatica nerve pain.  For two weeks I could neither walk nor sleep.  The only position that was half-way comfortable was sitting down.  Up all night, I watched every single romantic comedy on Netflix.

By the middle of March, I was 80% recovered–and am now at 90%.  I actually did two back-to-back 30 mile bicycle rides last weekend.

Yet . . . . I can’t tell you how this has knocked the stuffing out of me.  I haven’t been able to get back to blogging (obviously) or to much of anything else.  For the first time, I just feel old.  Which not only means tired and de-energized, but also disinterested.

I have still been reading a fair amount–and all over the map as usual.  From William Carlos Williams to a biography of Alexis de Tocqueville.  But I feel no urge to write my reactions up, as if taking part in some ongoing conversation (even if it is a fantasized one) is no longer part of who I am.  Makes me wonder if, all these years, I just felt a need to report to the world (again a fantasized audience), like any dutiful child: “see, look what I’ve done.  I’ve read this and thought that.”  And now I feel outside of that game.

Will it come back?  I don’t know.  I have agree to write a few brief pieces.  And I am writing a self-help book for aspiring actors with Kiernan and Raven.  We’ll see if anything comes of that project.  The words still flow if I sit down at the keyboard.  I just don’t feel any urgency about getting to the keyboard.

Newfield’s The Great Mistake: The Big Picture (2)

Newfield’s The Great Mistake: The Big Picture (2)

The second “macro” setting for the disinvestment in public education that Newfield highlights is the disconnect (since 1970) between rises in productivity and rises in wages.  Since economic growth is driven primarily by two factors–increasing population and increasing productivity–the economy’s health is dependent on making workers more productive.  At least in the years from 1940 to 1970, when workers became more productive, their additional contributions to the economic well-being were registered fairly directly in higher wages.  And those higher wages tracked very closely with higher household incomes.

Continue reading “Newfield’s The Great Mistake: The Big Picture (2)” →